Factors in determining the efficient layout & design:
1. Flexibility: The facility layout should be such that it can be
readjusted or modified
according to future expansion or changes.
2. Flow of Movement: It should be a smooth flow from input to output so tat the
overall coordination is maintained between various units.
3. Utilization of Space: There should be a proper & optimal usage of
space to ensure
that all the equipment is properly placed & the handling of materials is done is
done best in such a space.
4. Ease of Communication: There should be an effective communication between
various aspects of business which is conducive to its overall growth.
5. Safety: Occupational safety measures must be in place for optimum
production &
cutting losses caused due to hazards.
6. Management of Materials: There should be a proper maintenance & upkeep of
equipments to ensure that the production is hassle free.
7. Ensuring High Employee Morale: Since this directly affects
production, factors
like attractiveness of a facility, ventilation, lighting, restrooms &
cafeterias have
to be provided for maximum employee participation.
http://www.tutorsonnet.com/operations_management_homework_help/production_planni
ng/facility_layout_assignment_help_tutoring.htm
3. Designers should adhere to the suggestion given by others while making any
product. Do u agree with this statement? explain.5 marks
yes I AM AGREE with this statement
The design side needs to adhere to certain guidelines which can ensure that the
organization is able to achieve its organizational strategy. These
guidelines are often form
the vary basis of an organizations design strategy and indicates the
importance of
standardization in the design of a product or service.
1. Give customers the value they expect .Reliability, safety,
endurance, aesthetic and
quality dimensions are what the customers are looking for.
2. Make health and safety a primary concern .Green Rickshaws seen
functioning on the
roads these days are a result of taking care of health and safety of
the users as well as
those who operate them.
4.4th question is a numerical question given from chapter#21 from the topic of
(Stopwatch time study)also see it's example (pg#91)
A Mechanical Engineer working for an automobile manufacture in Lahore
presents the
following information to the Operations Manager. The assembly workers
take a mean
time of 120 minutes to assemble a single car with a standard deviation
of 5 minutes. The
confidence limit if 95%, The Operations Manager will need how many
observations if the
desired maximum error is + 5%
Solution
Given Data
S= 5 minutes,
Z is 1.96 (since 95 CI)
x- = 120 minutes,
a= 5 %
The formula is
N= (zs/a x -)2
Substituting the values
N= ( (1.96)(5)/(0.05)(120))2
=(96.04)/(36)=2.67 studies = 3 studies
. How automation help in production? 3 marks
Automation helps in productions system through the following ways
1. Computer Aided Manufacturing
2. Numerically Controlled Machines
3. Robot
4. Manufacturing Cell.
5. Flexible Manufacturing System page#78
2. Standardization sometime is not feasible. what the reason behind it.. 3 marks
Designs may be frozen (Standardized) with too many imperfections remaining (An
existing shortcoming may never be removed because of this leading to product or
component failure, catalytic converter failure led to a number of good
cars in 1980s).
2. High cost of design changes increases resistance to improvements
(associated with its
lack of confidence on the design side as well as outsourcers, who provide design
services).
3. Reduction in Variety which leads to decreased variety results in
less consumer appeal.
This also at times lead to the competitor producing a better product
or greater variety
which itself is a feature of lean production. Page#48
3. Calculate efficiency and utilization if
Designed capacity= 60 units per day
Effective capacity=45 units per day
Actual output= 39 units per day (5 marks) page#66
Efficiency=Actual output/Effective Capacity
Efficiency=39/45*100
Efficiency=86.7%
Utilization=Actual output/Design Capacity
Utilization=39/60*100
Utilization=65%
4. what are disadvantages of process lay out? 5 marks
Disadvantages of Process Layouts
1. In-process inventory costs can be high.
2. Challenging routing and scheduling.
3. Equipment utilization rates are low.
4. Material handling slow and inefficient.
5. Complexities often reduce span of supervision. Page#82
Another Paper:
Q: what is meant by capacity flexibility and how it can be achieved ? 3 marks
Capacity flexibility means having the ability to rapidly increase or
decrease production
levels or to shift production capacity quickly from one product or
service to another.
Such flexibility is achieved through flexible plants, processes, and
workers, as well as
through strategies that use the capacity of other operations.
A. Flexible plants
B. Flexible processes
C. Flexible workers
D. Strategies that use the capacity of other organizations
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007340330x/student_view0/chapter3/
Q: suppose you are the operations manager of ABC Corporation . to develop
competence in business operations , you have to decide either to rely
on the facilities
available in-house or out source . what are some of the factors you
would base the
decision on ? 5 marks
Operations Manager identifies the criteria by which the proposed
solutions will be
judged. The common criteria often relates to costs, profits, return on
investment,
productivity, risk, company image, impact on demand, or similar variables. The
management is interested that the Operations Manager should be able to focus on
parameters that will increase or decrease? Ideally the aim is that
1. Costs should decrease and Profits should increase
2. Return on Investment should increase along with increase in Productivity.
3. Risk should decrease along with increase in Company image.
4. Demand should increase for the product or service.
5. Monitor the results to ensure the desired results are achieved.
Another Paper:
2. Designers should adhere to guidelines while making design
production layout? 5
Marks
The design side needs to adhere to certain guidelines which can ensure that the
organization is able to achieve its organizational strategy. These
guidelines are often form
the vary basis of an organizations design strategy and indicates the
importance of
standardization in the design of a product or service.
1. Produce designs that are consistent with the goals of the company.
An economical
upscale model automobile design if replaced with a luxurious model can
invite a small
number of customers and may loose the existing stronger customer base.
2. Give customers the value they expect .Reliability, safety,
endurance, aesthetic and
quality dimensions are what the customers are looking for.
3. Make health and safety a primary concern .Green Rickshaws seen functioning on
the roads these days are a result of taking care of health and safety
of the users as well as
those who operate them.
4. Consider potential harm to the environment .A new product should be
as a primary
guideline should be better than the existing one and should aid in the
protection of
environment. A number of automobile manufacturers are using hybrid
models or cars
where as its expected that steam operated cars may be available in 5 years.
3. Keep in mind the significant equipment while design the facilitate
layout plans in
your company? 5 Marks factor
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 5 )
Operations management does not work in isolation within an organization. How
Would you relate marketing, finance and other functions to operations function?
Ans:
The Operations function consists of all activities that are directly
related to production of
a good or service
Operations and Marketing:
Value addition refers to conversion of raw materials to finished
goods or services.
Value added often refers to the difference between the cost of the
raw material
and the price of the finished good
Finance :
Budgets
Economic analysis of investment proposals
Provision of funds page#7 and 8
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 )
Write down the characteristics of well designed service system?
ANS: characteristics of well designed service system
A well designed service system should be consistent with the organization's
vision as well as mission
A good and well design should create an effective linkage between back
operations and front Operations. It should aim for a single unifying theme. It
should ensure reliability and high quality page#55
Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )
What qualities does a successful job design contain?
ANS: A successful job design contains following qualities.
1. Carried out by experience personal who have necessary training & background.
2. Consistent with goals of organization
3. Shared with new employees
4. In documented Form
5. Understood & agreed by both management & employees
6. Factors that affect job design. Page#87
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 )
Suppose you want to estimate the time required to perform a certain
task by the two
employees. One employee's study yielded a mean of 6.4 minutes and standard
deviation of 2.1 minutes with 95% confidence Interval. Other employee's study
yielded a mean of 2.1 minutes and standard deviation of 6.4 minutes
with confidence
interval of 95%. Now how many observations you will need if desired maximum
error is 10% of sample mean?(z= 1.96) Do both the employees have same number of
observations?
ANS:
Employee # 1 :
Mean time = X = 6.4mints
Standard Deviation = S = 2.1mint.
z = 1.96
error = A = 10% = 0.1
n = (zs/ax)2
= [(1.96) (2.1)/(0.1)(6.4)]2
= [4.116/0.64]2
= (6.43125)2
= 41.36
41 observations
Employee # 2 :
Mean time = X = 2.1mints
Standard Deviation = S = 6.4mint.
z = 1.96
error = A = 10% = 0.1
n = (zs/ax)2
= [(1.96) (6.4)/(0.1)(2.1)]2
= [12.544/0.21]2
= (59.733)2
= 3568.03
3568 observations
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 5 )
Why some multinational corporations feel that globalization is not a
good option?
Question No: 42 ( Marks: 5 )
Common disadvantages which lead to a MNC forgoing globalization?
The common disadvantages which lead to a MNC forgoing globalization includes.
Handing over proprietary Technology to host countries.
Political risks.
Poor Employee (Managers and worker) skills.
Slow customer response time.
Effective communication between interfaces difficult page#95
Do you perceive that operation management and operation research are the same
concepts?
OPERATION management and operation research are not same because NOT SURE
Operations management: is an area of management concerned with overseeing,
designing, and redesigning business operations in the production of goods and/or
services It is concerned with managing the process that converts inputs (in the
forms of materials, labor, and energy) into outputs (in the form of goods and/or
services).
Operations research: (also referred to as decision science or management
science) is an interdisciplinary mathematical science that focuses on the
effective use of technology by organizations. In contrast, many other science &
engineering disciplines focus on technology giving secondary
considerations to its
use.
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 5 )
Suppose you are working as an operation manager in an automobile company.
Your company wants to move its manufacturing plant from one location to other
location. What factors will affect the location decision according to
your point of
view?
Making Location Decisions
1. Decide on the criteria
2. Identify the important factors
3. Develop location alternatives
4. Evaluate the alternatives
5. Make selection page#95
Question No: 42 ( Marks: 5 )
Calculate the exponential smoothing forecasts from the following data
for the 6th
Period with constant (alpha) 0.40.
Period No. of complaints
1 60
2 65
3 55
4 58
5 64
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 5 )
Given the table:
Alternatives Possible future demand
Low (Rs.) High (Rs.)
Small facility 10,000 8,000
Medium facility 12,000 20,000
Large facility 18,000 15,000
Calculate Maximax, Lapalace and Minimax regret?
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 5 )
How would you reveal the usefulness of naive forecasts?
ANS: Naïve forecasting makes simple assumptions about the future at
its simplest, naïve
forecasting assume that the future level of demand will be same as the
current level.
Naive Forecasts:
Simple to use
Virtually no cost
Quick and easy to prepare
Data analysis is nonexistent
Easily understandable PAGE#36
Question No: 42 ( Marks: 5 )
Which process system would you suggest for the following business/industry?
French restaurants use (job shop process structure)
Heavy equipment use (batch flow process)
Sugar refinery use (continuous flow structure)
Automobile assembly use (assembly line process structure)
Commercial printer use (job shop process structure)
Feedback: B is the correct answer. Commercial printer and French restaurants are
examples of job shop. Automobile assembly uses an assembly line
structure while sugar
refinery uses continuous flow structure.
: http://highered.mcgrawhill.
com/sites/0072983906/student_view0/chapter6/multiple_choice_quiz.html
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 )
What are the reasons that support the use of process layout?
Following are the reasons that support the use of process layout.
1. Can handle a variety of processing requirements.
2. Not particularly vulnerable to equipment failures.
3. Equipment used is less costly.
4. Possible to use individual incentive plans. Page#82
Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )
Suppose you are the operations manager of a manufacturing firm, why would you
perceive concurrent engineering as a suitable approach with reference to product
design?
concurrent engineering is a suitable approach with reference to product design
because Concurrent engineering is the bringing together of engineering
design and
manufacturing personnel early in the design phase.
Manufacturing Personnel are able to identify production capabilities and
capacities
Early consideration of the Technical Feasibility of a particular
design or a portion
of a design. Page#53
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )
In some organizations capacity planning takes place very regularly and
in some it
takes place seldom. What are the factors that influence the frequency
of capacity
planning?
Following are the factors that influence the frequency of capacity planning.
Facilities. The design of facilities includes the size as well as the
provision of expansion
Product and service factors can have a tremendous influence on capacity.
Process factors refer to the quantity and quality requirements of a
process
Human factors include skill, craftsmanship, training and qualification to
handle any job it also includes the motivational factors
Operational factors with respect to effective capacity always refer
to scheduling,
late deliveries, acceptability of purchased materials, parts, quality
inspection,
control procedures and inventory problems page#67
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 )
Write down at least three ways of improving reliability of a system.
Following are the three ways of improving reliability of a system
1. Component design: Parts of a car
2. Production/assembly techniques: No reworks also fool proof assembly.
3. Testing: for trouble free final product
4. Redundancy/backups: not possible all the time but common remedy. Page#63
Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )
What qualities does a successful job design contain?
A successful Job Design must have the following qualities
1. Carried out by experienced personnel who have the necessary
training and background.
2. Consistent with the goals of the organization.
3. In documented form.
4. Understood and agreed by both management and employees.
5. Shared with the new employees.
6. Factors that affect Job Design page#87
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )
"Standardization plays an important role in product design". How will
you describe
this role?
Standardization We live in a world where for the sake of convenience,
reliability and
safety, majority of the products and services have been standardized.
If for a moment any
process whether it relates to manufacturing or services is made
standard less, the vital
concept of compatibility would be lost. Think for a moment if there is
a fire at a
Montessori school or at a crowded stadium, if there is no
standardization of fire hose
attached to the fire truck and fire hydrant present at the site, no
effort would succeed in
putting out the fire and saving the lives of the people page#20
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 )
How many multiple plant strategies are used in a company having multiple
manufacturing facilities?
Answer: Mostly following are the below given multiple manufacturing
facilities are
used with combination in plant strategies;
Product plant strategy
Market area plant strategy
Process plant strategy page#96
Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )
What are the key steps involved in formulating a capacity planning strategy?
Following are the key steps involved in formulating a capacity
planning strategy;
Steps for formulating a Capacity Planning Strategy
1. Estimate future capacity requirements
2. Evaluate existing capacity
3. Identify alternatives
4. Conduct financial analysis
5. Assess key qualitative issues
6. Select one alternative
7. Implement alternative chosen
8. Monitor results page#67
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 )
Suppose you are the operations manager of ABC Corporation. To develop
competence in business operations, you have to decide either to rely
on the facilities
available in-house or outsource. What are some of the factors you would base the
decision on?
Following are the factors which are available to us in order to decide
whether to develop
a competence in house or outsource competent organization to supply
that product,
service or particular expertise.
Available capacity if an organization has the equipment, necessary
skills and time, it
often makes sense to produce an item or perform a service in house.
The additional costs
would be relatively small compared with those required to buy items or
subcontract them.
Expertise. If a firm lacks the expertise to do a job satisfactorily,
buying might be a
reasonable alternative.
Quality considerations. Firms that specialize can usually offer higher
quality than an
organization can attain itself. Conversely, special quality
requirements or the ability to
closely monitor quality may cause an organization to perform a job itself.
Nature of demand. When demand for an item is high and steady, the
organization is
often better off doing the work itself. However, wide fluctuations in
demand or small
orders are usually better handled by specialists, who are able to
combine orders from
multiple sources, which results in higher volume and tend to offset
individual buyer
fluctuation.
Cost. Any cost savings achieved from buying or making must be weighed
against the
preceding factors. Cost savings might come from the item itself or
from transportation
cost savings.
Risk. Outsourcing or buying the services carries risk; often companies
retain flexibility
by carrying out certain critical activities in house and repetitive
menial activities through
outsourcing.
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )
"Standardization plays an important role in product design". How will
you describe
this role?
Standardization plays an important role in product design, because
Standardization is the
extent to which there is an absence of variety in a product, service or process.
Opportunities for long production runs and automation .Uninterrupted stock of
components available, so production can be controlled and if possible
a demand forecast
may be used.
Need for fewer parts justify increased expenditures on perfecting
designs and improving
quality control procedures. The company can free up its inventory
carrying costs and use it
on increasing its long term tangible and intangible quality standards
Reduced training costs
and time. An important advantage and can improve productivity.
Q#what are some of the reasons that do not favor the use of process layout?
Disadvantages of Process Layouts
1. In-process inventory costs can be high.
2. Challenging routing and scheduling.
3. Equipment utilization rates are low.
4. Material handling slow and inefficient.
5. Complexities often reduce span of supervision page#82
1. Write the name of approaches to change the job structure.3 Marks design
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MUHAMMAD IMRAN
MBA complete
MARKETING
03366466701
LICCS LAYYAH*
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