Ans1:-
Infrastructure, generally, is the set of interconnected structural elements that provide the frame work for supporting the entire structure. It usually applies only to structures that are artificial. The term is used differently in a variety of fields; perhaps the single most well-known usage is in economics, where it refers to physical infrastructure such as buildings and roads. The notion that a structure has an internal framework is popular especially in business organizations where a dependency on interconnected information technology systems has become as prevalent as a city's dependency on interconnected conveyance systems for power, people and things. Information infrastructure consists of the physical facilities services and management that support all computing resources in an organization. There are five major components of infrastructure
• Computer hardware
• General purpose software
• Networks & communication facilities
• Databases
• Information management personnel
• Each of these components is designed in such manner to collectively meet the needs and objectives of the organization.
The infrastructure will include
• The detailed configuration of the hardware
• Design of the operating system,
• Documentation of the operational and application software, and
• Documentation on how to technically manage and operate the entire system
• Infrastructure also includes the integration, operation, documentation, maintenance and management
the components as defined in infrastructure.
Building a 'world-class' infrastructure ALWAYS starts with the organization structure. Below are recommended organization structures designed for small, medium, and large infrastructure development and support organizations. No one structure is correct; however, it is crucial that key functions be structured to address the people and process issues. These structures are designed to address the people and process issues first with technology being secondary. I'm not saying technology isn't important but let's be blunt here based on the 100 plus assessments I've performed infrastructures are in horrible shape because of the lack of attention to these non-technology related issues. For Infrastructure organizations to become successful and cost effective service providers the focus needs to be Organization, People, Process, and Technology in that order.
Ans2:-
JIT has been defined in several ways, including the following:
1. As a production strategy, JIT works to reduce manufacturing costs and to improve quality markedly by waste elimination and more effective use of existing company resources.
2. A philosophy based on the principle of getting the right materials to the right place at the right time.
3. A program that seeks to eliminate non value-added activities from any operation with the objectives of producing this data copied from vu solutions dot com high-quality products (i.e. "zero defects"), high productivity levels, and lower levels of inventory, and developing long term relationships with channel members.
At the heart of the JIT system is the notion that waste should be eliminated. This is in direct contrast to the traditional "just-in-case" philosophy in which large inventories or safely stocks are held just in case they are needed. In JIT, the ideal lot size or EOQ is one unit, safely stock is considered unnecessary, and any inventory should be eliminated.
Many firms have successfully adopted the JIT approach. Companies in industries such as metal products, Automobile manufacturing, electronics, and food and beverage have implemented JIT and realized a number of benefits, including:
1. Productivity improvements and greater control between various production stages.
2. Diminished raw materials, work in process, and finished goods inventory.
3. A reduction in manufacturing cycle times.
4. Dramatically improved inventory turnover rates.
In general, JIT produces benefits for firms in four major areas: improved inventory turns, better customer service, decreased warehouse this data copied from vu solutions dot com space, and improved response time. In addition, reduced distribution costs, lower transportation costs, improved quality of supplier products, and a reduced number of transportation carriers and suppliers can result from the implementation of JIT.
Problems Associated with Implementation JIT
It has some inherent problems which fall into three categories: production scheduling (plant), supplier production schedules, and supplier locations. When leveling of the production schedule is necessary due to uneven demand, firms will require higher levels of inventory. Items can be produced during slack periods even though they may not be demanded until a later time, finished goods inventory has a higher value because of its form utility; thus, there is a greater financial risk resulting from product obsolescence, damage, or loss.
However, higher levels of inventory, coupled with a uniform production schedule, can be more advantageous than a fluctuating schedule with fewer inventories. In addition, when stock out costs are great because of production slowdowns or shutdowns. JIT may not be the optimal system. JIT reduces inventory levels to the point where there is little if any safety stock, and parts shortages can adversely affect production operations. Supplier production schedules are a second problem with JIT. Success of a JIT system depends on suppliers' ability to provide parts in accordance with the firm's production schedule. Smaller, more frequent orders can result in higher ordering costs and must be taken into account when calculating any cost savings due to reduced inventory levels. When a large number of small lot quantities are produced, suppliers incur higher production and setup costs. Generally, this data copied from vu solutions dot com suppliers will incur higher costs, unless they are able to achieve the benefits associated with implementing similar systems with their suppliers.
Supplier locations can be a third problem. As distance between the firm and its suppliers increases, delivery times may become more erratic and less predictable. Shipping costs increase as less than truckload (LTL) movements are made. Transit tune variability can cause inventory stock outs that disrupt production scheduling; when this is combined with higher delivery costs on a per unit basis, total costs may be greater than the savings in inventory carrying costs. JIT II applies JIT concepts to the purchasing function by having a representative of the supplier locale at the baying organization's facility. Developed by Bose Corporation, this approach improves mutual understanding between the buyer and supplier, reduces waste and redundancy of efforts, improves supplier responsiveness, and creates a positive working environment.
Assignment No. 02
Semester: Spring 2012CS507-Information Systems
Total Marks: 10
Due Date: 02/5/2012
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Assignment
Question 1: (5 Marks)
Consider a garment manufacturing company is newly launched and wants to introduce IT infrastructure in the organization. Suggest what IT infrastructure will be required for the company to fulfill its requirements.
Question 2: (5 Marks)
Is Just-in-time (JIT) approach helpful in reducing the production cost in any manufacturing organization? Justify your answer with suitable reasons in either case.
NOTE: Submit ".doc" file only. Every student should provide his/her own work, exact copying of the assignment (or some portion of the assignment) from the internet or other students will lead to copy case and zero marks will be awarded. Different softwares will be used to check plagiarism in assignments. Do not put any query on MDB about this assignment, if you have any query then email at cs507@vu.edu.pk
Deadline:
Your assignment must be uploaded/submitted on or before 2nd May 2012.
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